Population Dynamics and Virulence Diversity of Xanthomonas spp. in Chilli

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important spice and vegetable crop cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Among the major bacterial diseases affecting chilli production is bacterial leaf spot, caused by several species of Xanthomonas. The disease results in severe yield and quality losses under warm and humid conditions. Understanding the population dynamics and virulence diversity of Xanthomonas spp. is critical for developing durable resistance and effective management strategies. This review synthesizes current knowledge on taxonomy, genetic diversity, pathogenic variability, epidemiology, and molecular determinants of virulence in Xanthomonas populations infecting chilli, with emphasis on their adaptation and evolution in diverse agro-climatic environments