1. Introduction Biodiversity forms the foundation of life on Earth, supporting ecosystem stability, food security, cultural identity, and human well-being. It encompasses the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems that…
Introduction Chilli (Capsicum annuum) is cultivated extensively for its culinary, nutritional, and industrial value. However, its productivity is significantly constrained by bacterial leaf spot disease caused by species of Xanthomonas,…
1 Introduction Species diversity is a key indicator of ecosystem health and environmental sustainability. It refers to the variety and abundance of species within a particular ecosystem or region. High…