Advances in Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture: Innovations, Biodiversity Conservation, and Future Perspectives

Fisheries and aquaculture play a critical role in global food security, nutritional health, economic development, and livelihood generation, supporting more than three billion people as a primary source of animal protein. With increasing global population, urbanization, climate change, and pressure on natural fish stocks, sustainable fisheries and environmentally responsible aquaculture have become essential components of the blue economy. Overexploitation of marine and freshwater resources, habitat degradation, pollution, invasive species, emerging diseases, and climate variability threaten the long-term sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. Recent advances in biotechnology, genomics, precision aquaculture, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), biofloc technology, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), environmental DNA (eDNA), and digital monitoring have transformed fish production and conservation strategies. These innovations improve production efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, enhance fish health, and strengthen biodiversity conservation. This review summarizes recent developments in sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, emphasizing technological innovations, ecosystem-based management, biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, disease management, and future research priorities for achieving sustainable aquatic resource utilization.