Introduction Biodiversity—the diversity of life encompassing genes, species, and ecosystems—is fundamental to the healthy functioning of Earth’s ecological systems. It underpins essential ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, pollination, water…
. Introduction Agrobiodiversity refers to the variety and variability of plants, animals, microorganisms, and ecosystems that are directly or indirectly involved in food and agricultural production. It encompasses genetic diversity…
1 Introduction Biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological stability and supporting essential ecosystem services such as food production, climate regulation, nutrient cycling, and water purification. However, global biodiversity…
1 Introduction Biodiversity forms the foundation of ecosystem functioning and environmental sustainability. It encompasses the variety of life forms at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels that contribute to ecological processes…
1 Introduction Forests are critical ecosystems that support a wide range of plant and animal species while providing essential ecological services such as carbon sequestration, soil conservation, water regulation, and…
1. Introduction Biodiversity is widely recognized as a cornerstone of ecological stability and environmental sustainability. Traditionally, biodiversity has been measured primarily in terms of species richness and abundance. However, recent…