Introduction Biodiversity forms the foundation of ecosystem functioning and underpins the delivery of ecosystem services that sustain human societies, including food production, climate regulation, water purification, and cultural values. Despite…
1. Introduction Agricultural landscapes occupy nearly half of the Earth’s terrestrial surface and play a central role in shaping global biodiversity patterns. While agriculture is essential for food security and…
Introduction Pollinators are essential components of natural and agricultural ecosystems, contributing significantly to plant reproduction and global food production. A wide range of organisms—including bees, butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, birds,…
1. Introduction Biodiversity is widely recognized as a cornerstone of ecological stability and environmental sustainability. Traditionally, biodiversity has been measured primarily in terms of species richness and abundance. However, recent…